The short version of WADA prohibited list fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-05-28 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide whose structure corresponds to a C-terminal segment of human growth hormone. It is often described as hGH fragment 176-191, a 16-amino-acid sequence. The peptide was designed to isolate a region of hGH associated with fat metabolism while avoiding the full hormone's growth-promoting actions. Laboratory and commercial materials typically present it as a lyophilized powder for research use. Its identity is defined by amino acid sequence, not by a single brand.
The fragment includes residues that can form an internal disulfide bond between two cysteine positions. This structural feature can influence how the peptide folds and how stable it is in solution. AOD-9604 differs from full-length hGH in size and receptor interactions; it does not contain the entire growth hormone sequence. Published descriptions sometimes use slightly different residue numbering, so sequence information should be checked against primary sources. The molecule is small compared with intact hGH, which affects analytical detection and purification approaches.
Interest in AOD-9604 arose from attempts to separate metabolic effects from growth effects attributed to hGH. Early work explored whether the fragment could influence lipolysis or fat oxidation without promoting growth. Those questions remain partly unresolved because human data are limited and results have varied across studies. The peptide is not a hormone replacement for hGH and is not equivalent to hGH in clinical use. Its research history includes both laboratory studies and commercial marketing claims that are not the same as regulatory approval.
Detection of AOD-9604 in biological samples relies on analytical techniques capable of distinguishing a small synthetic peptide from related endogenous sequences. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is commonly used for confirmatory analysis. Sample preparation may involve immunoaffinity enrichment or solid-phase extraction to concentrate the peptide. Because the molecule is small and may be present at low concentrations, assay sensitivity and specificity are ongoing analytical challenges. Laboratories also validate methods against reference materials when available.
Regulatory interest in AOD-9604 increased after high-profile anti-doping cases involving peptide products. In some cases, the substance was supplied under alternative names or in compounded preparations, complicating traceability. Sports tribunals and anti-doping panels have discussed whether the peptide was explicitly banned at the time of use, leading to clarifications by the World Anti-Doping Agency. For consumers and researchers, the legal status can vary by jurisdiction, and products marketed as research chemicals may lack independent quality verification.
AOD-9604 is listed as a prohibited substance in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It falls under the peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics class on the prohibited list. Anti-doping organizations treat its presence in an athlete's sample as an adverse finding unless a therapeutic use exemption applies. The prohibition reflects concerns about performance enhancement in competitive settings and the difficulty of distinguishing exogenous peptide use from endogenous hormone fragments.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | Based on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. |
| Amino acid length | 16 residues | Often described as hGH fragment 176-191. |
| Appearance | Lyophilized powder | Typically white to off-white; exact appearance depends on grade. |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Aqueous solubility depends on pH, ionic strength, and preparation. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C or lower | Lyophilized peptide is usually kept cold and dry; solutions may require freezing. |
Regulatory treatment of AOD-9604 is shaped by its classification as a peptide hormone. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists it as a prohibited substance, and many national anti-doping organizations adopt that list. It does not hold approval as a prescription medicine in the United States, the European Union, or other major markets. Products sold online are frequently labeled for research use only and may not undergo independent quality testing. Import and possession rules differ by country, so legal status depends on local law.
Proposed mechanisms for AOD-9604 focus on fat cells. Laboratory studies suggest the peptide can increase lipolysis, the breakdown of stored fat, and reduce lipogenesis, the formation of new fat. Unlike full human growth hormone, it does not appear to stimulate substantial IGF-1 production in the studies reported so far. Some evidence points to beta-adrenergic signaling, but the precise receptor targets and downstream pathways remain unresolved. The fragment is not thought to act through the classical growth hormone receptor.
Clinical development of AOD-9604 included trials in people with obesity. Reports from early-phase and mid-phase studies described modest or inconsistent changes in body weight. A phase IIb program did not meet its primary endpoint, and the compound was not approved for medical use. Differences in formulation, delivery route, and participant characteristics may explain some of the variation. Later investigations explored whether the peptide might have effects in other tissues, including cartilage.
Identity and purity are commonly checked with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RP-HPLC separates the peptide from related impurities and can estimate purity by peak area. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular mass and helps detect sequence variants or truncations. Some laboratories use amino acid analysis or peptide mapping for additional characterization. No single method proves biological activity; these techniques establish chemical identity and purity only. They also require suitable reference standards for confident comparison.
Commercial AOD-9604 may vary in purity, counterion content, and residual moisture. Certificates of analysis often report HPLC purity, mass confirmation, and appearance, but testing methods differ between suppliers. Independent verification is sometimes used because labeled content may not match actual peptide amount. Stability under different pH and temperature conditions is not fully standardized across studies. Researchers generally treat lyophilized material as the reference form for weighing and reconstitution. Moisture content can affect accurate mass measurement.
Commenting on a report released by The Asthma Foundation, Turner said it confirmed concerns that poverty and deprivation impacted greatly on respiratory disease in New Zealand children, and the underlying causes needed to be addressed to ensure that children and families had adequate income, good housing and easy access to health care. In 2015 after the Children's Commissioner released data showing that at the time, there were 305,000 children living in poverty in New Zealand – an increase of 45,000 from the previous year – Turner said that child poverty was now a national issue, not just for individual parents, and there appeared to be an unwillingness to resource a solution to the problem.
=== Chemical modification === Soluble fragments of graphene can be prepared in the laboratory through chemical modification of graphite. First, microcrystalline graphite is treated with an acidic mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. A series of oxidation and exfoliation steps produce small graphene plates with carboxyl groups at their edges. These are converted to acid chloride groups by treatment with thionyl chloride; next, they are converted to the corresponding graphene amide via treatment with octadecyl amine. The resulting material (circular graphene layers of 5.3 Å or 5.3×10−10 m thickness) is soluble in tetrahydrofuran, tetrachloromethane and dichloroethane. Refluxing single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) in solvents leads to size reduction and folding of individual sheets as well as loss of carboxylic group functionality, by up to 20%, indicating thermal instabilities of SLGO sheets dependent on their preparation methodology. When using thionyl chloride, acyl chloride groups result, which can then form aliphatic and aromatic amides with a reactivity conversion of around 70–80%.
== Uses == In Indonesia, Strobilanthes alternata is used to promote urination, check and heal hemorrhages, stop dysentery, and treat venereal diseases. The plant is popular in the United States and rarely the United Kingdom to use in hanging baskets for gardens.The botanical name of Red flame ivy is Hemigraphis colorata Blume.
== Further reading == Beardsley, E. (2006). "The Spartanburg Pellagra Hospital". The South Carolina Encyclopedia. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-598-9. Crabb, Mary Katherine (1992). "An Epidemic of Pride: Pellagra and the Culture of the American South". Anthropologica. 34 (1): 89–103. doi:10.2307/25605634. JSTOR 25605634. Hampl, J. S.; Hampl, W. S. (1 November 1997). "Pellagra and the origin of a myth: evidence from European literature and folklore". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 90 (11): 636–39. doi:10.1177/014107689709001114. PMC 1296679. PMID 9496281. Hendrick, Burton J. (April 1916). "The Mastery of Pellagra: The Mysterious Disease, Almost Unknown in This Country Fifteen Years Ago, That Now Claims 7,500 Victims A Year And Is Spreading Rapidly". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXXI: 633–39. Kraut, Alan (3 September 2010). "Dr. Joseph Goldberger and the War on Pellagra". Office of NIH History. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. "Reports and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Regular Session Commencing January 11, 1916". Annual Report of the State Board of Health (1915–1916). 4. Columbia, South Carolina: Gonzales and Bryan, state printers. 1916. Swain, C. P.; Tavill, A. S.; Neale, G. (September 1976). "Studies of tryptophan and albumin metabolism in a patient with carcinoid syndrome, pellagra, and hypoproteinemia". Gastroenterology. 71 (3): 484–89. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(76)80460-x. PMID 133045.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Peanut butter allergy === In 2016, a lawsuit was filed after an employee at a Natick, Massachusetts, store put peanut butter on a sandwich, despite being informed that the person receiving the sandwich had a peanut allergy. The plaintiffs charged the company and those employees involved with intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress, as well as assault and battery. The recipient of the sandwich was hospitalized briefly.
CORD provides a strong common voice to advocate for health policy and a healthcare system that works for those with rare disorders. NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is an American national non-profit patient advocacy organization that is dedicated to individuals with rare diseases and the organizations that serve them. EURODIS - Rare Diseases Europe (EURODIS) is a unique, non-profit alliance of over 700 rare disease patient organizations across Europe that work together to improve the lives of the 30 million people living with a rare disease in Europe.
William Field and colleagues found a 50% increased lung cancer risk even at the protracted exposures at the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. North American and European pooled analyses further support these findings. However, the conclusion that exposure to low levels of radon leads to elevated risk of lung cancer has been disputed, and analyses of the literature point towards elevated risk only when radon accumulates indoors and at levels above 100 Bq/m3. Thoron (220Rn) is less studied than 222Rn in regards to domestic exposure due to its shorter half-life. However, it has been measured at comparatively high concentrations in buildings with earthen architecture, such as traditional half-timbered houses and modern houses with clay wall finishes, and in regions with thorium- and monazite-rich soil and sand. Thoron is a minor contributor to the overall radiation dose received due to indoor radon exposure, and can interfere with 222Rn measurements when not taken into account.
Archeological evidence from Peru shows that cocaine use dates back as far as 8000 B.C.E. Stimulants have been used to treat various conditions, such as narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, depression, and fatigue. They have also been used as recreational drugs, performance-enhancing substances, cognitive enhancers, and to promote aggression of combatants in wartime.
Isabel Kershner; British-born Israeli journalist and author, who began reporting from Jerusalem for The New York Times; has worked as senior Middle East editor for The Jerusalem Report magazine; also written for The New Republic and has provided commentary on Middle East affairs on BBC Radio; latest book is "The Land of Hope and Fear: Israel's Battle for its Inner Soul"; married to South African born Israeli author Hirsh Goodman, an employee of the Institute for National Security Studies, which is involved in promoting a positive image of Israel, and which Kershner often relies on as a source. Ian Katz (born 9 February 1968) of South African Jewish origin; journalist and broadcasting executive currently Chief Content Officer at Channel 4, overseeing all editorial decision making and commissioning across Channel 4's linear channels, streaming services and social media. Katz originally followed a career in print journalism, and was a deputy editor of The Guardian until 2013. He then became the editor of the Newsnight current affairs programme on BBC Two, a role which he left in late 2017 to join Channel 4. Mike Katz, chair of the Jewish Labour Movement; journalist for Jewish News, The Jewish Chronicle, Times of Israel, The Guardian, Forbes, Harvard Business Review, The Business Journals, HuffPost UK, New Statesman, LabourList, Camden New Journal, writing mainly on the theory of 'the new anti-Semitism' in Jeremy Corbyn's Labour Party and the demise of his leadership.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide based on a C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone. It is commonly referred to as hGH fragment 176-191 and is studied for metabolic effects rather than growth effects.
No. It represents only a short portion of the hGH sequence and lacks the full hormone's structure. As a result, its biological activity and regulatory status differ from those of prescription hGH.
The exact peptide is not typically described as a circulating hormone; it is a synthetic construct based on a natural sequence. Fragments of hGH can exist in laboratory or metabolic contexts, but AOD-9604 itself is manufactured for research.
Yes, the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies AOD-9604 as a prohibited peptide hormone and related substance. Its use by athletes is banned under the relevant anti-doping code.